LBR file format

[This is a HTMLisation of LUDEF5.DOC, version 5 of the official LBR file format. I have removed the vertical bars (|) which in the original marked changes from version 4; these do not translate well to HTML.]

[In this file, "sector" is synonymous with "128-byte record"]

0. Introduction

This is the fifth revision of the formal definition of the format of library (.LBR) files as used by the LU Library Utility program and the LRUN command-file load-and-go utility.

Many thanks to all of those who have taken the time to make suggestions for improvements to this definition. Purely voluntary compliance with this standard by scores of program mers on many differing operating systems has allowed the .LBR format to evolve into a successful exchange tool in many segments of the computing community. Additional suggestions are encouraged.

Please note that the current version of LU does not support the full directory format as defined here. This revision has been distributed as an aid to programmers working on various other programs on non-CP/M operating systems, to allow support for new features in a standardized manner.

1. Library Overview

A library is a data file which is assumed to be logically divided into one or more subparts called members. The library may have any filename and filetype, except that ".LBR" is considered to be the default filetype. Programs must assume and may optionally require the .LBR extension on any file which is to be treated as a library.

2. Disk Access Method

Libraries are usually treated as Random Record files by programs, but must never contain unallocated "holes" which are normally allowed in Random Record files. A library can therefore be safely treated as a sequential file if desired.

This allows copy programs, compacting programs, and remote transfer programs to process the library sequentially, and to safely make the assumption that the first occurrence of a no-record-found condition truly indicates the physical end of the library.

3. Internal Organization

A library must contain at least one member, the directory, and may contain an arbitrary number of other members, up to the limits of file size imposed by the operating system. The library may also contain unused sectors which are not assigned to any member. These sectors may occur as a result of the deletion of members, or of an unsuccessful add operation.

There are no constraints on the contents of members, except for the directory, which is always the first member in the library, and has a specific format defined later. The entire library file and each of its members are conceptually organized into "sectors", each sector being 128 bytes long. Each sector of the file belongs to at most one library member. Each member comprises a whole number of sectors. The last sector of a member may, however, be logically declared as a "Short Sector". Although it physically contains 128 bytes, a Short Sector contains one or more "pad" bytes at the end for the purpose of maintaining the structure of the library file as a whole. A member may have as few as 0 sectors.

Members may be referred to by a name of up to 8 characters, and an extension of up to 3 characters. The naming rules are identical to those for the naming of CP/M-80 disc files. Members must be uniquely named; any given combination of name and extension may identify at most one member.

The start and end points of each member are defined by the pointers in a "directory entry" for the member. There are no embedded start or end marks separating the members. All sectors between the start and end sectors of a member belong to that member. The members need not appear in the library in the same order that their directory entries appear in the directory. Thus the directory may be sorted, within certain ordering constraints defined below, without physically moving the members themselves.

4. Directory Format

The directory is the first member of a library, and must begin in sector 0 of the file. It must contain at least one sector, and may contain an arbitrary number of sectors. The directory may not contain a Short Sector.

The directory is composed of entries. Each entry is 32 bytes in length, so that the number of entries is equal to four times the number of sectors in the directory. The number of entries present determines the maximum number of members in the library. Each directory entry contains the name, starting point, size, and other information for one of the members in the library.

Each entry is initialized to one of three possible states: Active, Deleted, or Unused. The first entry is always active, and is the entry corresponding to the directory itself.

Unused entries always occur after all active and deleted entries. If the directory is scanned beginning with the first entry, and an unused entry is found, then all remaining entries from there through the end of the directory must also be tagged as unused.

However, active and deleted entries may be mixed in any order. Finding a deleted entry does not guarantee that all active entries have been scanned.

5. Directory Entry Format

The 32 bytes of each entry have the following significance:

	Byte			Meaning
	----	------------------------------------------
	0	STATUS  Possible values (in hexadecimal) are:
		00	Active Entry
  		FE	Deleted Entry
		FF	Unused Entry
			Any other value should be treated as
		a deleted entry.

	1-8	NAME	Rules are identical with those which
			govern the naming of disc files.  Names
		shorter than the maximum are padded with
		spaces.

	9-11	EXTENSION  Rules are the same as for NAME.

	12-13	INDEX	Pointer to the first sector of the
			member within the library.  Stored as
		a two-byte binary value, least significant byte
		first.  For example, an index of value of 9
		indicates that the first sector of the member
		occurs 9 sectors, or 9 * 128 = 1152 bytes from
		the beginning of the library.

	14-15	LENGTH	The length of the member in sectors.
			Stored as a two-byte binary value,
		least significant byte first.  If this value is
		zero, then the member is empty, and the Index
		field (above) is meaningless.

	16-17	CRC	The Cyclic Redundancy Check value for
			the member.  Stored as a two-byte
		binary value, least significant byte first.
		This value is calculated using the CCITT
		algorithm as used in the widely supported
 		XMODEM protocol.  If each of the bytes in the
		member (including any pad bytes inserted in the
		possibly "short" last sector) are processed by
		this algorithm, followed by the two bytes of
		the CRC itself (high order first) the resulting
		value will be zero.
		   Special-case processing is required for the
		CRC value of the directory member. See below.

	The next four 16-bit words are reserved for library
	member time and date stamping.  They are all stored
	as two-byte binary values, least significant byte
	first.  Programs not implementing time and date
	stamping shall explicitly set any unused values to
	zero when creating a new entry.  Programs must convert
	the time and date formats, if any, defined by their own
	operating system into the given formats to insure
	transportability of the resulting library file.

	18-19   CREATION DATE	The date of creation of the
				file.  Its value may be prior
		to the date the file was added as a member of
		the library, if the operating system can supply
		the original creation date of the file.  On
		extracting the member from the library, this
		date may be passed to the operating system for
		its use in restoring the original creation
		date.  The format for the date conforms to
		Digital Research MP/M (and CP/M+) julian date
		format.  This is a binary 16-bit integer
		value representing the number of days since
		December 31, 1977.  For example:  Jan 1, 1978
		is day 1 (0001H), and July 4, 1984 is 2377
		(0949H).  A zero value indicates this date is
		not available.

	20-21   LAST CHANGE DATE  The date of last change to
				  the member.  Assumed to be
		no earlier than the creation date, and may
		pre-date the addition of the file as a member.
		Storage format is identical to creation date.
		If the operating system supplies only one file
		date, it should be stored in Creation Date,
		and Last Change Date left unused (set to zero.)
		A zero value is assumed to be equal to the
		creation date.  A program which makes any
		in-place changes to the member while it resides
		in the library should update the value of this
		field with the current date if known, or if
		not known, should overwrite with zeros.  For
		the purpose of this definition, the performing
		of a strictly reversable process, such as the
		encryption, compression, or translation of a
		member does not require a change of date.

	22-23	CREATION TIME	If available, the time-of-day
				corresponding to the creation
		date as defined above.  The storage format
		conforms to MS-DOS standards, wherein the 16-
		bit word comprises three sub-fields as follows:

		byte:	<==23==> <==22==>
		bit:	76543210 76543210
		field:	hhhhhmmm mmmsssss

		legend:
		h = Hours.  Treated as a 5-bit binary integer
			in the range 0..23
		m = Minutes.  Treated as a 6-bit binary integer
			in the range 0..59
		s = Seconds/2.  Treated as a 5-bit binary
			integer in the range 0..29, allowing
			resolution to the nearest 2-second
			interval.  May be zeros in a system
			supporting only hour/minutes.

	24-25	LAST CHANGE TIME   If available, the time of
				   day corresponding to the
		Last Change Date defined above.  Format is the
		same as Creation Time.

	26      PAD COUNT	Valid range: 00H to 7FH.  This
				byte is for use with non-CP/M
		systems, such as MS-DOS and UNIX [or CP/M 3], 
		where file lengths are not necessarily a 
		multiple of 128 bytes. It allows the exact 
		size of the member to be expressed in the 
		directory entry.  The value in PAD COUNT 
		represents the number of pad bytes (from 0 
		to 127) which were inserted in the final sector
		of the member to bring its size up to the 
		required 128 bytes.  The value of each pad byte
		inserted should be a hexadecimal 1A (ASCII SUB
		character) which is a normal end-of-file mark 
		under CP/M.

		For example, a Pad Count of 10 hexidecimal (16
		decimal) implies that the last 16 bytes of the
		final sector of the member are pad characters,
		i.e. that only the first 112 bytes (128-16) are
		actually part of the member file.  The pad
		characters may be ignored when the member is
		extracted from the library.  The resulting file
		is then the same length as the original.
		Specifically, it is ((LENTH * 128) - PAD COUNT)
		bytes long.
		
		Note well, however, that the pad characters are
		in fact physically present in the library file,
		and are counted as significant characters in
		the CRC check value calculations discussed
		above.  This is necessary to provide downward
		compatibility with older libraries, and with
		programs which do not implement this feature,
		such as CP/M-only versions of LU.  Any program
		not implementing this feature shall explicitly
		set this byte to zero when creating a new
		entry.  (Libraries built by any program which
		properly adhered to prior versions of this
		standard have therefore been properly created.)
		In this case, the last sector of the member
		will be assumed to be a full 128 bytes long,
		which was always the case in the past.

	27-31	FILLER 	Reserved for future use.  In unused
  			and deleted entries, these bytes are
 	garbage.  In all active entries, they are explicitly
	set to binary zero.
	   Any future enhancements to the .LBR format which
	make use of these bytes will recognize this zero
	value as a non-error condition to allow a library
	created with an old version of LU to be processed by
	future versions.

6. Directory Control Entry

The Directory Control Entry is always the first entry in the directory, and is the entry which corresponds to the directory member itself. This entry is similar in form to any other entry, but is specified more completely here for clarification.

STATUS
Always 00, Active. The directory must always be an active member.
NAME
Always 8 blanks. This is the unique name of the directory member.
EXTENSION
Always 3 blanks.
INDEX
Always 0000; the directory must be physically located at the beginning of the library file.
LENGTH
Never 0000. The directory must contain at least one sector. The actual length of the directory is found here.

If any program finds, in the first sixteen bytes of a library file, one or more values which conflict with the above specifications, this fact shall be interpreted as a fatal indication that the file is not a valid LBR-format library. Errors in the following bytes are non-fatal:

CRC
Since the directory contains its own entry, and hence its own CRC value, a logical conflict would arise if the CRC value were calculated in the normal manner. The act of storing the CRC value in the entry would render it invalid.

For this reason, the CRC value of the directory member is calculated after explicitly storing a 0000 value in the CRC word of the first entry. The resulting calculated value is then stored in this word before closing the library.

When checking the CRC of an existing directory, the old CRC value in the first entry is saved in temporary storage and replaced by 0000 before the new CRC value is calculated. The old and new values should then be compared for equality.

CREATION DATE
If used, the date of creation of the library. Reorganization of the library to reclaim space may leave this date unchanged.
LAST CHANGE DATE
If used, the date of last change to the directory. The directory is changed by adding, deleting, or renaming members, and by reorganizing the library.
CREATION TIME
If used, the time of creation of the library.
LAST CHANGE TIME
If used, the time of last change to the directory.
PAD COUNT
Value ignored and assumed 0. Directory sectors are always a full 128 bytes. Set to 0 when library is created or reorganized.
FILLER
Set to 0 as in any other entry.

Notes:

In unused and deleted entries all bytes except the Status byte are undefined.

The contents of any data sectors which are not assigned to an active member are not defined. They remain allocated to the .LBR file, to provide for sequential processing, as noted above, but no assumptions should be made as to their contents. These sectors are eliminated from the library when it is reorganized.

For systems which do not implement the CRC validation functions, the CRC value of member entries should be set to 0000. Libraries created by very early versions of LU may have garbage in the last 16 bytes of the first directory entry, but all other entries will conform to this convention. These old library files may generate spurious (but non-fatal) error messages caused by a garbage Directory CRC. Attempts |to support the detection of this condition, and the supression of these error messages has become more and more complex to implement, and more difficult to justify. Beginning with this definition, such attempts are forsaken. Users experiencing a problem with this are encouraged to make a minor change to such libraries with a version 3.0 or higher LU. A dummy add/delete or reorganization will suffice. My apologies for any inconvenience this may cause.

6. Conclusion

If there are any further questions, comments, or requests regarding library format, or if you note any ambiguities or contradictions in these specifications, please feel free to contact me.
Gary P. Novosielski
Voice phone: (201)935-4087 Evenings and weekends
MCI Mail: GNOVOSIELSKI
CompuServe: [70160,120] EMAIL or CP-MIG
Telex: 650-195-2395 6501952395 MCI

[Note that these details may have been true in 1984. They probably aren't now].

End of file.


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